11/6/2023 0 Comments Fanta fish gelatinConvective hot air methods alone or combined with infrared radiation could be a drying option, given that they have advantages such as lower energy cost, simple equipment, easy handling, and shorter drying time 14, 15. Thus, it is essential to find alternative and efficient methods of drying gelatin aiming for improvements in functional and technological properties, and its industrial production. These methods are considered costly processes due to their high energy consumption 10. The few studies that previously reported the effects of drying methods on gelatin's properties, used vacuum 11, freeze-drying 12, and spray drier 13. Functional properties are relatively dependent on the spatial structure of protein molecules being their association status is influenced by the drying process, which leads to physicochemical transformations of their proteins because of the heat and mass transfer 10, 11. The type of raw material, the pre-treatment, the extraction conditions, and drying methods used, impact on the yield, physical–chemical, functional and technological properties 9.Īfter the gelatin extraction, the drying process is fundamental to obtain gelatin with suitable properties. In what concerns to gelatin production by using fish skin wastes, this is a promising alternative thanks to its multifunctional properties (foaming, emulsifier, gelling, etc.) when compared to mammalian gelatin 8. Most commercial gelatins are produced from bovine and porcine skins, however, there is a growing demand on finding alternatives sources due to socio-cultural, religious, and health restrictions of a group of consumers 7. Gelatin is used as raw material in confectionery, meaty products, dairy products, beverages, desserts, biodegradable packaging material, and microencapsulation, besides the production of bioactive peptides 6. It has been widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic, and photographic industries 5. Gelatin is a very versatile product with a wide range of industrial applications. Specifically, the acoupa weakfish skin removed during processing is rich in protein and collagen, which can be used for gelatin extraction, while adding value and reducing the environmental pollution. These residues are usually discarded directly into the environment causing contamination problems, despite these residues contain proteins and are rich in essential amino acids 4. However, its processing generates a large amount of waste, such as head, tail, scales, fins, swimming bladder, cartilage, guts, and skin 2, 3. The acoupa weakfish ( Cynoscion acoupa) is a widely commercialized fish in Brazil, being the fourth most caught species in the last 10 years 1. These results indicate that the processes studied can be used to produce gelatin with suitable technological and functional properties for several applications. The gelatins obtained had gel strength of 298.00 and 507.33 g and emulsion activity index of 82.46 and 62.77 m 2/g in the combined and convective methods, respectively, and protein content above 90%. Infrared radiation at 70 ☌ for 2.0 h and convective drying at 70 ☌ for 3.5 h were the best condition of the combined process. The desirability function results show the convection hot air as the most effective method when conducted at 59.14 ☌ for 12.35 h. The gelatin obtained from the optimized conditions were characterized based on their physical, chemical, technological, and functional properties. This study aims to optimize drying methods such as convection hot air alone and combined with infrared radiation to obtain gelatin from acoupa weakfish skin by using composite central rotational designs 2 2 and 2 3 and response surface methodology. Therefore, it is relevant to understand the influence of drying conditions on the final product. Different technologies have been studied for drying gelatin. It can satisfy consumers with specific socio-cultural and religious needs. Fish skin is a raw material used for gelatin production.
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